The underlying link between landscape and figurative art is... the map! That's right: before there were technological tools to capture reality, it was artists who observed and replicated the world, and for very practical purposes.

From cartography records to the Ideal City paintings developed in the 15th century, to landscapes and cityscapes, charged with social and political value... all figurative art — both classical and contemporary — has interpreted scenery with different methods and techniques. Panoramas, seas, mountains, lakes and lowlands, colours, atmospheres, and ambiances, all conveyed with brushes, palate knives, and various cameras. And Lombardy's landscapes have always been at the forefront of figurative art... Here are some excellent examples. 

In Valsassina with Leonardo da Vinci  
Virgin of the Rocks by Leonardo da Vinci (dated 1483-86) is one of the masterpieces of the Tuscan genius who arrived in Milan at Ludovico il Moro's court at the end of the 15th century. In his beautifully rich creation, natural views and landscapes are examined by the eyes of a scientist and rendered by those of an artist. It is indeed the backdrop of one of the most beautiful feminine figures — Madonna and Child together with the infant Saint John the Baptist and an angel — evocative of a terrain which Leonardo, hosted by Sforza in Lombardy, knew well. Behind Mary, the rocks in the background open out as caves revealing mountainous peaks, softly fading in the mist. If you would like to see the Leonardian masterpiece, visit the Louvre in Paris. If, however, you would like to see the view, you need only visit Valsassina: according to some scholars, the cave of Saint John the Baptist in Laorca, Lecco, and the Grigna, a calcareous mountain forming the start of the Bergamesque Alps, are both depicted in the painting. Places that the great artist undoubtedly admired with his own eyes.

The Most Beautiful Vedute in the Province of Milan
Bernardo Bellotto (1721-1780) was the nephew of Antonio Canal, commonly known as Canaletto and, just like his uncle, he was an advocate of vedutismo, the painting of detailed landscapes, of Venice. As avant-garde painters of the 18th century, they both made use of the camera obscura to reflect an image of a view through the closed aperture of a lens onto the canvas, which they would then complete. Together they travelled the European and Italian courts, doing commissioned paintings of nobility, and Bellotto also came to Lombardy. Here, starting from 1744, he created beautiful vedute featuring towns such as Vaprio, Canonica d'Adda, and Gazzada, using oil on canvas with modern detailing which the depicted border at the time between the Duchy of Milan, Bergamo, and the Republic of Venice. The river, the skies, the rays of light across the buildings, the Bergamesque Alps on the horizon, Villa Melzi, and the bell towers of the villages, captured in almost photographic detail. A breathtaking Lombardy landscape, which remains strikingly magical even today.

Lakeland Vistas of the 19th Century
In the 19th century, the Romantic era began, well represented in the intimist works of Lombard vedutisti painters. The Romantic painter and son-in-law of the poet Manzoni, Massimo d'Azeglio (1798-1866), created the beautiful Veduta of Lecco's Port in 1831, a place that the Piedmontese was very familiar with. The oil on canvas serves as an important historical document, a portrayal of the city as it was then, enriched with warm, golden light, typical of the artist who painted the equally charming Vedute of Lake Como.